In 11th and 12th centuries, China was a leader among the nations of the world. However, due to issues stemming from military battles and losses, the loss of territory, civil war, major health concerns from famines, occupation by foreign countries, and their own reluctance, the China of the 19th and 20th centuries changed from a major contender in the race for world superiority, to a country sitting on the backburner. After years of attempts to slow the opium trade in China, the Qing government enacted laws against trading of opium in 1839. The Chinese emperor sent Lin Zexu to Guangzhou to head up the movement. He confiscated huge loads of opium, and detained the British crews and destroyed around 20,000 chests of opium. The British reacted to this by sending an expeditionary force, which began the Opium War. The Chinese were hugely defeated, and signed the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842, in which Britain acquired Hong Kong, opened China to trade more that ever, and made British nationals immune to Chinese law. This opened the door to other treaties and wars that would drop China......

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