Health The benefits of optimism are improved physical and mental health, longer life expectancy, better academic and athletic performance (Seligman, pp.96-97, 151-152), career success, easier time making and keeping friends, and more enjoyment out of life (p.186). Optimistic explanations energize, but pessimistic ones lead to �passivity and dejection� (p. 207). In studies of rats, a link has been conclusively established between depression and reduced immune system functioning (pp.170, 184, 288). In one study, rats were separated into groups: a control group, a group that had been taught helplessness, and a group that had learned self-efficacy. They were all injected with the same number of cancer cells. The helpless group succumbed to cancer at significantly higher rates than the other groups, and the majority of the self-efficacy group was free of cancer. However, I believe Seligman concluded erroneously that depression caused the cancer. It was the injection of cancer cells, not helplessness, which caused the cancer. Helplessness increases susceptibility to, and therefore ris......

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