The struggle and dispute between the imperial power and papacy during 11th century medieval Europe was due in a large part to the investiture controversy that persisted throughout this time period. The investiture controversy was an argument that originated from Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII over who controlled the appointments of Church officials. Pope Urban II�s speech at the Council of Clermont in 1095 brought this issue to life as his words launched the crusades and changed history. In it, he vocalized a need for a shift from secular to religious power as he expressed his urge to re-unite the Church under papal primacy. In the selected passage, Urban argued that the church�s authority came directly from God and not the secular lords, therefore investiture should lie solely in the hands of the Church. He strongly believed that �all matters that pertain to the church [should] be controlled by the law of the church� (2-3). However, this was not the case prior to the investiture controversy as the emperors and kings were clearly the ones with the majority of contro......

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