Back in the Tertiary a broad zone of forests stretched from Africa and the Northern Europe to the Eastern Asia. In these forests lived many species of four-footed monkeys. They lived in the treetops, and they moved by walking along the branches, balancing by their long tails in the manner to be seen in the modern monkeys of the South American forests. Eventually some of these four-footed monkeys attained a brachiatory manner of moving hanging by their hands under the branches, swinging on their arms. In this manner they were able to reach far longer out on the thin branches to take the fruits which grew there. As they specialised to this manner of locomotion, they did no longer need the long tail for balancing, why this was reduced and vanished. They ceased to be four-footed monkeys: they were two-footed apes with strong, movable arms and hands and no tail. Gradually the upper part of their body became broad and they had shoulders, and their shoulder blades were no longer situated on the side of the chest as in monkeys and most other mammals, they were removed to the back. An......

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