According to Adams (2005), many people continue to believe that wronging others while, or as a result of, hating them ought morally to expose the wrongdoer to an increased or enhanced punishment--a penalty aggravated over what he or she ought otherwise to receive. This belief appears to be rooted in the presumption that hate crimes constitute a distinctive form of moral wrongdoing. Recently, the argument has been advanced that the distinctive wrong that obtains when crimes are committed from racial or other forms of animus consists in the violation of a conception of equality or fair treatment central to people's political morality. Adams consider the claim that hate crimes or distinctively worse than ordinary wrongs in that they transgress against a basic norm of equality. A hate incident is any act, including conduct, speech, or expression, in which biased motive is a clear contributing factor. Hate incidents do not have to include a criminal act. (stophate.org, n.d).Most hate-crime laws are structured as penalty enhancements. The basic idea is that hate-crime laws add an addit......

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