Proteins are molecules made-up of one or more chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Enzymes are important proteins that guide almost all chemical reactions that occur inside cells. Most cells contain hundreds of different enzymes because each enzyme assists only one or a few specific reactions. They speed up the rate of specific biological reactions. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. All amino acids have the same fundamental structure, consisting of a central carbon bonded to four different functional groups. These are a nitrogen-containing amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen group and a variable group. The assortment of amino acid structures is a result of the variable R group, which can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic. Cysteins are another type of amino acid. The have sulfur in the R group and can form covalent bonds between their sulfur atoms, creating a disulfide bridge that brings the cysteines very close together and bends the protein chain or links adjacent chains. Disulfide bridges can link different polypeptide chains together or connect differ......

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