The adventure with digestion starts with prehension, which simply means how the animal brings the food into its mouth. Animals use a wide variety of ways to bring food to their mouth; these methods include use of their upper limbs, head, beak, claws and their mouth, teeth and lips. Ruminates have no upper incisor teeth just a soft pad. Cattle use their tongue to bring forage to its mouth and cuts off the forage with the lower incisors and dental pad. Sheep use their teeth and cleft upper lip that allows them to graze close to ground floor. The next step in digestion is mastication, or chewing. This involves a vertical action as well as a lateral action of the lower mandible with teeth to crush the forage. The step following mastication for ruminants is to form a bolus so that it may be swallowed. Later ruminates will regurgitate the food and thoroughly chew it. The typical dairy cow chews between 40,000 and 50,000 times per day! Salivation also occurs when chewing the food. Salivation serves many purposes such as to lubricate the food so the animal may swallow it. The water content......

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